Up The Ladder Essays - Ladders, Blue Bird, Nails, Woman, Carpenter

Up The Ladder by Peter Doern Chris found a ladder leaning against the tree in his backyard. It was Saturday, and his friend was away, so Chris decided to climb the ladder. He stepped up and climbed into the tree. There he met a blue bird, which was sitting on its nest. "Good day," said the bird. "Good day," Chris replied. "Are you climbing to the top of the ladder?" asked the bird. Chris looked up at the ladder. He couldn't see the top. "How high is the ladder?" he asked the bird. The bird hopped closer to Chris and said, "I'm not sure. I flew as high as birds can fly, and I still couldn't reach the end of the ladder." Chris sat and thought for a moment. He scratched his head and thought some more. Then he turned to the blue bird. "I can help you," he said. "I'll climb to the top of the ladder and see what's there. Then I'll come back down and tell you what I saw." Chris's suggestion pleased the bird. "I'll fly with you for a little ways," it said, "but I must return soon, to protect my nest." So Chris started climbing the ladder again, and the blue bird flew up beside him. Together they climbed past the top of the tree and into the sky. They had been climbing for a little while when the blue bird turned back to its nest. "Goodbye, Chris," the blue bird said. "Don't forget to tell me what's at the end of the ladder." Chris climbed higher. Soon he met a woman dressed in coveralls. She held a hammer in her hand and two nails in her mouth. She was pounding nails into a board. "Good day," said Chris. "Good day," said the woman, taking the nails out of her mouth. "What are you doing?" asked Chris. "I'm a carpenter," said the woman. "I'm building a home to live in." "On a ladder?" asked Chris, astonished. "Sure," replied the carpenter. "See? I'm nearly finished." Chris looked, and sure enough there was a house hanging from the ladder. "Are you climbing to the top of the ladder?" asked the carpenter. "Yes," Chris replied. "Would you like to join me?" "Thank you, but no," said the carpenter. "I'm much too busy building my house." "I'm going to see what's at the top of the ladder," said Chris. "And then I'm coming back down to tell my friend, the blue bird, what's there. Would you like me to tell you, too?" "That would be nice," said the carpenter. "I always enjoy visitors. Come any time. See you soon." "Good bye," said Chris. He began to climb the ladder again. Chris was climbing up the ladder when suddenly someone stepped on his head. "Ouch!" said Chris. "Oh, sorry," said a man. He was climbing down. "What are you doing?" asked Chris. "I'm going around to the other side of the ladder so that I can pass you," said the man. "I mean, what are you doing on the ladder?" asked Chris again. "I'm going down," said the man bluntly. "Excuse me." "Have you been to the top of the ladder?" Chris asked. "Yes," the man said. He was getting further and further below Chris. "What's there?" yelled Chris. But the man was too far away to hear. Chris kept climbing the ladder. He was climbing the ladder when he hit his head on something. "Ouch!" said a voice. It was an old woman. "Excuse me," said Chris. "Good day young man," said the old woman. "Are you going to the top of the ladder?" asked Chris. "Yes," said the old woman. "If I ever make it." "I'm going, too," said Chris. "Would you like to join me?" "Thank you, but no," said the old woman. "I'm old and slower than you are. Go on ahead." "I'm going to see what's at the top of the ladder," said Chris. "Then I'm going back down to tell my friends the blue bird and the carpenter what I saw. If you like, I can tell you what's at the top of the ladder also." "That would be very kind of you," said the old woman. "I don't think I'll ever reach the top of the ladder." "Keep trying," said Chris. "Good luck." "Good bye," said

Free Essays on Full Inclusion

is full inclusion desirable? There is much debate surrounding the subject of full inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classrooms. Is full inclusion of disabled students desirable? Like most controversial topics, this is not black and white; there are advantages and disadvantages associated with it. Also, like a lot of controversial topics, many people have opinions, such as teachers, parents, students, researchers, and others.First, it is necessary to define what inclusion is. An inclusive school or classroom educates all students in the mainstream. This means that all students, including students with learning and physical disabilities, at-risk, homeless, and gifted are included in integrated, general education classes. It also means providing all students within the mainstream: 1.) appropriate educational experiences that are challenging yet geared to their capabilities and needs, and 2.) any support and assistance they or their teachers require. (Stainback, 1992) Inclusive education suggests th e restructuring of special education to permit all or most students to be integrated in mainstream classrooms through reorganization and instructional innovations. It suggests the redesign of the traditional special education service delivery model to integrate students into regular education classrooms and to promote collaboration between educators in regular and special education. Since its evolution in the late 1980s, inclusive education has increasingly challenged the legitimacy of virtually every professional and institutional practice of twentieth-century schooling. The structural implications of inclusive education are quite clear: it requires fundamental changes of the most basic structural features of schools as organizations, that is, the very ways in which the work in schools is divided and coordinated among professionals. The cultural implications turn on recognizing the historical separation between general and s... Free Essays on Full Inclusion Free Essays on Full Inclusion is full inclusion desirable? There is much debate surrounding the subject of full inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classrooms. Is full inclusion of disabled students desirable? Like most controversial topics, this is not black and white; there are advantages and disadvantages associated with it. Also, like a lot of controversial topics, many people have opinions, such as teachers, parents, students, researchers, and others.First, it is necessary to define what inclusion is. An inclusive school or classroom educates all students in the mainstream. This means that all students, including students with learning and physical disabilities, at-risk, homeless, and gifted are included in integrated, general education classes. It also means providing all students within the mainstream: 1.) appropriate educational experiences that are challenging yet geared to their capabilities and needs, and 2.) any support and assistance they or their teachers require. (Stainback, 1992) Inclusive education suggests th e restructuring of special education to permit all or most students to be integrated in mainstream classrooms through reorganization and instructional innovations. It suggests the redesign of the traditional special education service delivery model to integrate students into regular education classrooms and to promote collaboration between educators in regular and special education. Since its evolution in the late 1980s, inclusive education has increasingly challenged the legitimacy of virtually every professional and institutional practice of twentieth-century schooling. The structural implications of inclusive education are quite clear: it requires fundamental changes of the most basic structural features of schools as organizations, that is, the very ways in which the work in schools is divided and coordinated among professionals. The cultural implications turn on recognizing the historical separation between general and s...

Security Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Security Case Study - Research Paper Example The business community is now ready to share material information with each other for common objectives that is to eradicate theft, burglary and vandalism. They are aware that leakage of information relating to security plan may cause irreparable damages to the assets of the organization (Allen, 2009). The existing employees and the former employees who have or had an access to the internal policies, procedures and management information system of the organization can easily disclose, manipulate or distort the data / information for the benefits of others (Allen, 2009). Remedial measures are to be considered by Walter Widget while taking into account the potential threats to property damage, thefts and vandalism. Prevention of Plant Burglary However, the ideal way for the employees of Walter Widget to thwart the attempts of thieves is to apply common sense to handle the situation with the assistance of effective alarming system. Some effective tools are mentioned hereunder: a) Digita l Video Surveillance System: b) RFID Tags c) Advance Motion and Sound Detector The security system of Walter Widget manufacturing plant should be designed in a way which deter out laws to barge into manufacturing plant with ulterior motives to damage the plant and machinery. The installed security system of Walter Widget manufacturing plant should have detection, monitoring and effective communication gadgets in and around the manufacturing plant to meet the challenges. The mentioned security system, if installed, would be an effective system for the safety and security of the assets (Allen, 2005). Digital Video Surveillance The manufacturing plant of Walter Widget in view the assets installed should have multiple video cameras on the needed locations to keep an eye on the intruders. The installed cameras should monitor the activities of criminals inside and outside the factory premises round the clock. These cameras are to be connected with Close Circuit Television so as to ensure monitoring of activities of employees/non-employees in and around the factory without interruptions. Mentioned system would be fruitful for Walter Widget manufacturing plant to keep their business continue. The installed cameras and other accessories around the manufacturing plant will identify the person or persons, involved in stealing the company’s assets. The security system may have the benefit of clear footage to identify and nab the real culprits (Allen, 2005). RFID Tags RFID tags can be used as part and parcel of security plan devised for Walter Widget manufacturing plant. The mentioned tags are used in tracking the stealers. The cited tags set alarm if someone takes away the assets outside the premises of the factory. This is the best way to minimize/eliminate the chances of theft and damages to property (Allen, 2005). Sound Detectors The system so installed for the Walter Widget manufacturing plant has the capacity to detect unauthorized activities in and around the factory. The detectors are useful instrument to detect burglars who are attempting to steal plant and its associated accessories. The mentioned security system will deter the thieves and burglars and keep them away. The higher management should discuss security plan with the consultants, who will suggest the best security system that suits the requirement of the company’

An Emerging Area in Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

An Emerging Area in Criminology - Essay Example As stated by Strossen (2000) the term "cybercrime" refers to any crime accomplished through the use of computer technology. As computers and computer networks have grown more popular, information stored on them has become more accessible and is easily erased, copied, moved, or falsified. This has caused an increase in the use of computers for white-collar crime. Computers are objects of crime when they or their contents are damaged or made unavailable, as when a computer is stolen or its hard drive is damaged. As subjects of crime, computers provide the electronic environment in which frauds are perpetrated through entry of false data and in which computer viruses self-propagating harmful programs are inadvertently introduced into a system through contaminated files or programs. Computers are instruments of crime when they are used to plan and execute complex crimes such as embezzlement or identity theft. (Fafinski, 2008) Variety and Extent Computers have been used as a tool in most kinds of crime including fraud, theft, larceny, burglary, sabotage, espionage, conspiracy, illegal gambling, distribution of pornography, extortion, forgery, bootlegging, and terrorist acts since the first cases were reported in the 1950s. Low-level computer crimes were initially committed largely by trusted users with the requisite skill, knowledge, authority, motive, and resources. Traditional criminals are converting their paper-based and manual crime methods to equivalent and new electronic techniques.

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations Research Paper

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example INTRODUCTION: Ongoing changes and advancements in the overall scenario of the world have placed additional importance on the role of the leader in any organization. Leader is a person who directs and guides a certain group of people for the achievement of a particular objective or aim (Fleishman, 1953). Leaders are associated with the tasks of not only managing the people but they have to perform their own tasks and become an inspiration for others. Leadership has evolved as one of the most studied and researched areas. The concept of leadership has been closely associated with the ideas of organizational structure, organizational culture, employee motivation, employee productivity, and overall performance of the organization (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). There are different styles of leadership which are based on several factors. These various styles of leadership have certain implications on the output generated by the organizations. Despite of the considerable research work in the area of leadership, researchers have been ignoring the importance and other implications of leadership in the nonprofit sector. Young Entrepreneurs Association of Laos (YEAL) has been established with the aim of promoting youth entrepreneurship in the country and supporting different young entrepreneurs. This Not for Profit association facilitates the growth of new business ventures on part of youth. This not only helps the young entrepreneurs but also improves the status of overall economy.

Information Technology and the Reduction of Carbon Footprints

Information Technology and the Reduction of Carbon Footprints Information Technology has become part and parcel of the business processes across industries and the global pursuit of going Green will remain unachieved unless IT enables the reduction of Carbon-Footprints. Green-IT is an endeavor to shift to more efficient products and approaches to allow us to compensate more equipment within the given energy foot-print. Regulations on the building of data-centers, better technologies to do so, environment friendly usage of technology are the key-focus areas of Green-IT. Green IT was the Top Strategic Technology for the year 2008 as per Gartner. It went ahead of the multi-core chips, powers supplies, fans and power management soft-wares and a lot of innovation, re-thinking and re-designing is happening in the technology vendor and business processes sphere. IT is all-encompassing and holistic, supporting all the functions like supply-chain, logistics, travel, facility management, collaboration, personnel management and the overall brand. In his book, Green to Gold, Daniel Esty a Yale Professor, elucidates that IT leaves its fingerprints on all the business processes and its carbon-foot prints are also every-where. IT has the responsibility as well as the opportunity to combat this menace. Role of Information Technology in going Green to Gold Information technology is an industry which has grown at a remarkably fast pace in the last few decades Fast growing computers and telecom network, ever-increasing demands for computing power, rapid increase in usage of computers, PCs, laptops, data-centers, mobile phones, etc have caused IT to leave a lot of Carbon-foot prints across the globe. The foot-prints are heading more towards the developing and less-developed countries. These ICT driven devices would become the biggest green-house gas emitters by 2020. But it has a potential to reduce far more of the carbon-footprints than it causes. A McKinsey study has found that IT can help in eliminating 7.8 metric gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions annually by 2020 which is equivalent to 15 percent of global emissions today and five times more than the estimated emissions from these technologies in 2020. Source: McKinsey Report, How IT can reduce Carbon Emission, 2008 The carbon-foot print has been calculated on the basis of levels of emissions associated with the usage, manufacture and distribution of ICT. ICT emits about 2% of the emission globally which is estimated to become 3% or 1.54 metric gigatons, twice of what the UK produces today. The rapid development in ICT in the countries like China, India and Brazil will cause the increase in gas-emission. The rapid development in ICT in the countries like China, India and Brazil will cause major increase in gas-emission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Emissions from manufacture and usage of PCs will double by 2020 owing to digitalization of middle class in the developing countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mobile-phones carbon-foot prints will triple by 2020 majorly due to consumption of silicon and other rare metals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ But most of the damage is caused due to increase in size and number of data-centers serving the un-quenchable thirst for increased computing and processing power. This emission is expected to become 5-folds by 2020 as compared to what it was in 2002. As the crisis is becoming fiercer by the day, its high time that corporate and government has started paying heed to this. The technological advancement in the field of information and communication can be used to abate the emission of green-house gases caused by the very growth of ICT itself. Some of the possible technological solutions are explained below. Virtualization 2.0: Virtualization enables to do more with less. The technology allows for consolidation of large no. of individual machines on one large server (like high density blade servers) resulting in lesser effective cost, and easier management. It also improves the productivity and overall ROI of the IT infrastructure with the use of SANs (Storage Area Networks) and other NAS (Network Attached Storage) devices which reduce redundancy and idle time for the scarce, energy guzzling resources. Virtualization improves the server utilization rates resulting in lesser no. of data centers required. The technology enables lesser energy consumption, lesser green house-gas emission, reduced heat generation, and lesser production of e-wastes. According to Gartner, the total number of virtual machines deployed worldwide is expected to increase from 540,000 at the end of 2006 to more than 4 million by 2009. This technology can reduce the power consumption of data centers by 50-80 % and floor space by 65%. Virtualization tops the list of top 10 Strategic technologies for 2009 published by Gartner. With Green IT being at number 4. Material Recycling: Around 20-30% of IT equipments become obsolete each year. The IT sector companies generated 3.3 lakh tones of e-wastes in the year 2007 in India. This number is expected to increase to 4.7 lakh tones by the end of 2011. IT sector during the course of their normal activities do not put much strain on the natural resources. But the wastes that they create like CPU, servers, printer cartridge etc. cause much strain on the ecological balance. Many components of the e-wastes have plastic blends which do not bio-degrade easily. The e-wastes also contain lead, cadmium, mercury and bromine flame retardants which are harmful to environment. The lead in computer monitors (approx. 20% by weight); chips in mother board are all highly damaging to environment. As per EPA estimates nearly 3 billion units of used electronic items will end up as waste in 2010. The average life of a desktop in USA has reduced to approximately 2 years. The consequence of reducing life span of electronics good is increase in amount of e-Waste. The expenditure on IT equipment is exorbitant (almost double in 5 years) and so is the toll these put by them on the natural resources. If practices are adopted that increase their useful life, it will contribute a lot in tackling the problem of e-wastes. Many experts consider it as very effective way to tackle the problems of e-Waste; by reducing their creation. E-Waste recycling helps us to recover some more value from the scrap/waste, reduce using up natural resources and prevent contamination of land and water by toxic wastes. One way to deal with e-Wastes is to return the old machines back to the manufactures. In case the original manufacturer does not take the product back, it can be given to a responsible recycler. When the recyclers get e-Wastes they try to make it reusable by making changes in the equipments. Then the wastes are stripped into different components (process called de-manufacturing). The broad categories to which de-manufacturing is done can be to segregate plastics, metal non-ferrous and ferrous parts, circuit boards, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) glass and Wood wastes. The steps followed at one such recycler (Waste Management) are shown below After de-manufacturing parts are boxed and shipped for sale and re-use. The parts that cannot be re-used are sent for recycling and for safe disposal so that toxic parts do not come in contact with humans via rain water or land. e-waste management in India In India there had been no law/guidelines governing e-Wastes for a long time. However few states like Karnataka have started making rules related to e-Wastes and in April 2008 for the first time Government came up with guidelines on disposal of e-Waste. Out of the total e-Waste created only two fifth used to get recycled. Now India is also adopting Extended Producer Responsibility, as per which now the producers will have to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. So they will also have to take the responsibility of the recycling of their products. For this they can take the help of a registered recycler or start their own recycling plant or make products that have very low level of toxic products and use such process so that at a later date recycling cost can be curtailed. When talking about managing the e-Waste, the biggest challenge is tracking the machines so that the companies can collect them and get them recycled. This will call for great investment in infrastructure and lot of data base management. Many companies operating in India provide such services in other nation because the rules of the land dictate so. In India the rules were lax hence this practice was not adopted. However with Governments intent of implementation of EPR, things are likely to change in future. One way to ensure better collection of e-Wastes can be to provide some financial incentives if they collect and recycle more than a certain amount of e-Waste. Regarding dumping of e-Wastes in India the law of country declares such activities as illegal. But the rules allow donation or charity electronic goods to come in the nation. Many companies exploit this loophole to dump their e-Waste in India, in the garb of charity. Till recently nearly 70% of the e-Waste in recycling plants of India had been exported or dumped or given as charity to India. India needs to make rules to stop such digital-dumping in future. Green Computing: It is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. It aims at reducing the hazardous materials, maximizing energy efficiency during products life time and promoting recyclability and bio-degradability of the defunct e-waste. A plethora of initiatives are being taken in this regards like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) which aims at reducing the electric power consumption by PCs in active and inactive states. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Green Electronic Council has come up with Electronic Product Environmental Assessment tool (EPEAT) like The Electronics Environmental Benefits Calculator (EEBC) which assists the purchasers in evaluating green products by providing certificates like EPEAT Bronzeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, EPEAT Silverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, and EPEAT Goldà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ on the basis of compliance with the eco-friendly norms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are global consortiums like The Green Grid (which has members like Microsoft, IBM, Dell, AMD, Sun Microsystems, and VMware etc) and non-profit organizations like Green Computing Impact Organization are also working in the field of green computing. Power Management: There are a number of open industry standards like Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which allow operating systems to control the power saving options of the underlying hardware. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CPU performance-stepping that dynamically adjusts the energy requirements of processor in proportion to the load. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic control of servers internal fan, Liquid cooling agents, and judicious arrangement of equipments in datacenters as per hot aisle/cold aisle layout also aids in reducing energy consumption. Efficient power supply and power management of a desktop computer can reduce in-use power consumption by 10-30%. Thin-client computing can reduce life-cycle energy consumption by 70-80%. . Video-conferencing Telecommuting: A lot of companies have adopted Video-conferencing and Telepresence technologies to reduce carbon-emission related to employee travel, to reduce office-space, heating and lighting expenditure. For example 40% of the Suns employees use telecommuting. This helped in saving an estimated 29,000 tons of CO2 emissions and enabled company cut on 6,660 office seats thus cutting real estate cost by $63 million in the last fiscal year. Other initiatives like hotelling or flexible work-place reduce the space required per employee as space is reserved only when it is needed. Flexible timing and working from home also contribute to reduced green-house gas emission and power consumption. Small Green Initiatives: Paper-less Business Paradigm: In a small and cost-effective way IT can assist in dematerializing the goods and processes by establishing paper-less work-place. Double-sided printing reduces paper consumption up to 40%. A paperless process is 100% paper free. Initiatives like Green PDFs which emphasize paper-less usage and sharing of information electronically can be taken. The technology enabled tele-work for processes like e-billing, e-taxation and e-governance will reduce the deforestation and emission of green-house gases from fuels. Though it will consume electricity, but this model remains viable given the un-utilized exorbitant processing and storage capacities of computers and the amount of reliability, portability, retrieval efficiency and availability it provides. ICT can facilitate in cutting down far more emission than it causes if energy productivity is focused in the sectors of buildings, power, transport and manufacturing. Building Manufacturing Power Transportation Optimize energy usage, Reduce office-space, Telecommuting, Work from home Smart Control systems for motors Sensors in Grids to monitor power loss and theft Smart technologies to manage truck logistics etc , Process of dematerialization of goods and processes Better architecture, efficient technology to monitor lighting, heating ventilation E.g. In China, some plants could cut emission by 200 metric megaton per year One grid in India reduced power loss by 15% by the use of sensors Reducing transportation through telecommuting, video conferencing, internet shopping, downloading content Smart buildings can save up to 2.03 metric tons by 2020 By 2020, 0.68 metric gigatons can be saved annually Globally efficient grids can cut 2.03 gigatons of emissions by2020 0.5 metric gigatons a year can be reduced by this Economic downturn and Green IT Global warming unlike the current economic scenario is not cyclical in nature. To tide over the problem of global warming companies had started taking attempts to be greener. Naturally Green IT was a part of many such endeavors. In the current economic downturn IT is looked upon as a medium to remove inefficiencies of the processes. However the fact still remains that the current economic scenario has caused the IT budget across industries to decrease. The global economic meltdown has caused short term liquidity crisis and lack of faith, which has resulted in many long term projects being put on shelf. Pursuing a long term strategic plan involves huge investment in research and development, in implementation cost etc. Investment in Green IT, if done properly, will lead to good returns in long run. But the impact of the current short term- medium term economic crisis is that it has lead to projects of Green IT being put on back seats. However companies having means and willingness to pursue their long term ambitions still keep Green IT on the priority list. Companies from non IT business domain have continued their endeavors of becoming greener in their IT related activities and are going for upgrading of old infrastructure instead of disposing them and are going for environmental friendly servers. Conclusion The rate at which man has recklessly harnessed the natural environment has brought him to the crisis where he faces struggle for existence. Its high time that businesses realize the gravity of situation and mend their ways. Information and Communication Technology which invariably touches every aspect of the business holds a lot of responsibility as well as opportunity to reduce the carbon-footprints created by man. Green-IT is a two-pronged solution to this problem where-in it can reduce the emission caused by IT itself by technologies like virtualization, better e-waste management, better power management as well as it can assist other businesses and technologies in reducing their carbon-emissions by enabling resource sharing and establishing paradigms like paper-less offices, telecommuting, teleconferencing etc . This way it can first reduce and then help transform the world into a low carbon economy, thereby restoring Greener Earth. Information Technology can indeed take us from Green to Gold .

Communication Principles Essay -- Communication

Effective Communication is essential to the success of all businesses however, due to the ever-changing nature of workplaces today effective communication is becoming increasingly difficult and hinged by many barriers, which cause the senders intended meaning to be misconstrued by the receiver. Although Communication within Organisations will never be completely barrier free, many facile solutions can be implemented to facilitate the effects these barriers have. With Respect to this particular case study two key communication principles were evident, the chosen Communications Channel and Noise. Communications Channel is â€Å"a medium through which a message is passed in the process of communication. Communications channels include the spoken, written, and printed word, and electronic or computer-based media such as radio and television, telephones, videoconferencing, and electronic mail. The most effective channel for a specific message depends on the nature of the message and the audience to be reached, as well as the context in which the message is to be transmitted† (Bloomsbury Business Library, 2007, p. 1703). Noise is simply â€Å"anything that interferes with communication effectiveness† (Campling, et al. 2008, p. 477). Choosing an appropriate communication channel for your intended message is a critical part of effective communication. If you choose the wrong channel for the message you are trying to convey not only will it impede communication but is also likely to cause mistrust particularly about sincerity and commitment. The effectiveness of communication channels is evaluated based on richness and opportunity for feedback. Richness refers to the depth of the message. In this case, James has chosen to email his team m... ...ge of noise. James has made mistakes but solutions to eliminate barriers of communication are easily implemented and should be followed to therefore eliminate further disruptions to business. More Importantly, organisations need to develop a communications policy and provide training for staff to help decrease the chance of ineffective communication within the organisation. Works Cited Bloomsbury Business Library. (2007). Business and management dictionary. London: A & C Publishers Ltd Ang, E., Campling, J., Chan, B., Poole, D., Schermerhorn Jnr, J., Tan, W., et al. (2008). Management 3rd Asia-Pacific edition. QLD, Australia: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Forsyth, P. (2009). Effective Business Writing. London: Kogan Page Ltd Bloomsbury Business Library. (2004). Writing great emails. Email etiquette. (pp. 23-35). London: A & C Publishers Ltd.

My Life Alert Bracelet Essay

My Life Alert Bracelet will use many distribution channels to benefit the company success, and use strategies to help promote its product. My Life Alert Bracelet will take advantage of the special promotion provided by our company. We will establish an email database, so we can send customers our special coupons and invite them for the perfect sale events that we offer for that season. We can also attach our coupons to the customer’s receipts to allow future saving on their purchases. Therefore we will be using different advertisements to get our name out to all of the community near and far off. Our goal will be to display the product we offer. Another technique will be to advertise our low coast products to the local community and surrounding areas, by using the free publication aids to attract the attention of the viewers and other vendors that would like to purchase these alert bracelets for their own personal or business uses. Our company plans is to utilize local newspapers advertisements, and making sure we meet with inquiring customers so they will help get the word out through word of mouth from experience. Last but not least we will post flyers out in the local business and the community for the target market. My Life Alert Bracelet will have to persuade the potential audience that they want and need our bracelet for the safety of their family or friends. In the process of being successful with our advertisement can create and also nurture a sense of I want and I need this less expense product to benefit the safety of their family member. The best way our company can measure the effectiveness from our advertisement will be to see how many consumers was aware of our product and the service we offers, meanwhile making contact with the company to purchase our product. After the publicity has simmered down, our company will then compare our current data with our past data in a quarterly session to evaluate our positive success or our negative success of our company. Never the less many people are interested in staying and being more healthier, therefore many people are looking to use the My Life Alert Bracelet to properly identify their medical concerns in the event of an accident or any medical emergency. The M.L.A.B. will help the medical staff or medical personnel to assist you in a timely manner. The promotion strategies that will be utilized in our company will be as follow: 1.Sale Promotion will be one of the methods used to help out with our company promotion strategy. Sale promotion is commonly used for the increase in a sale for a short period. 2. Public Relation it will help develop a positive relationship with the media/media. this will hopefully help the company to handle all negative attention while remaining professional with a successfully mind frame. 3. Personal Selling offering face to face one on one sale to our customers, giving them the best quality sales. 4. Direct Mail this is personalizing the mail by putting the name of the target audience you are trying to reach out too. This will directed to a particular person in hope to increase sales. 5. Sponsorship this is networking in giving another organization the permission to list our product or use our logos. By using this method normally have high profiles that are seen by a large audience. 6. Introduction is when the new company is trying to get the word out that they are in the market we can utilize the push/pull strategies to help push the product towards the introduction stage called the lifecycle. 7. Growth after the M.L.A.B. product line has grown and the target market are happy to accept the lifecycle. We offer true loyalty to our value custom. 8. Maturity at this point our company will take full responsibility to encourage the target audience to purchase our product to benefit a life saving experience. This market research is done to indentify the main goal in purchasing this line of product. The M.L.A.B. main purpose is to help your family member in a time of a serious situation that is not caused intentionally. The alert bracelet will alert the medical staff if your love one wonder off or become ill, it will alarm the emergency hotline, and the emergency staff will place a call to the medical official which will alert the family member of the person condition. This bracelet will alert the medical staff of any medical condition you may have, and any allergic reaction you have or had at one time. The M.L.A.B. is sold at a low price making it affordable for person with insurance or non-insurance persons. We have booths set up at the local Mall or you can stop by the main building to make your purchase. The consumer today has become very demanding. They want high quality products as well as high quality customer service. Delivering value customer service is very important to our company. When there is poor customer service it may bring the value of our company down. The customer are not satisfied, and may bring a gap between the two of us because they might be thinking what should be done, and my company thinking how it should be done causing a dissatisfaction in the mist. When having customer’s complaints that we were not ready to handle at that time can make the customers seek other companies for their service. Our goal is to keep the customers happy at all times, the customers are the main focus because if they are happy then for profit will be greater. In saying that we look forward in customers satisfaction and we make sure we do our best in presenting quality customer service to maintain a quality profits.

Ancient and Prehistoric Medicine

Ancient and Prehistoric Medicine Free Online Research Papers It is difficult to imagine anything other than modern medical treatments. Medicine today is so advanced. Researches are finding new and better things for every kind of illness known. The study and practice of medicine seems like a modern day fixation. The truth is that for thousands of years humans have become ill and for the same amount of time people have tried to cure them. If you had to be ill in ancient times, one of the best places to do so would be in Egypt. The Egyptians were advanced medical practitioners of there time. They were masters of human anatomy and healing mostly due to the extensive mummification ceremonies which also led them to have a basic knowledge of organ functions within the human body. The Egyptians believed that most illnesses, other than the ones caused by an obvious accident, were mysterious. The Egyptians explained them as the work of the gods, caused by the presence of evil spirits or their poisons, and cleansing the body was the way to rid the body of their influence. Incantations, prayers to the gods – above all to Sekhmet the goddess of healing, curses, and threats, often accompanied by the injection of nasty smelling and tasting medicines into the various bodily orifices, were hoped to prove effective. (Nefertiti) There was not the separation of Physician, Priest, and Magician in Egypt. Some of the preventive measures included prayers and various kinds of magic, and even the wearing of amulets. An example of this could be the Egyptians cure for cataracts. In order to cure cataracts the Egyptians believed you had to: mix brain-of-tortoise with honey. Place on the eye and say: There is shouting in the southern sky in darkness, There is an uproar in the northern sky, The Hall of Pillars falls into the waters. The crew of the sun god bent their oars so that the heads at his side fall into the water, Who leads hither what he finds? I lead forth what I find. I lead forth your heads. I lift up your necks. I fasten what has been cut from you in its place. I led you forth to drive away the god of Fevers and all possible deadly arts. (Brier) The Egyptian priest-physician had a number of important functions. They first had to discover the nature of the particular entity that possessed the person and then drive it out or destroy it. This was done through some sort of powerful magic or sometimes wearing a certain amulet. â€Å"Though Egyptian medical practices by no means could rival that of the present day physicians, Egyptian healers engaged in surgery, prescriptive, and many other healing practices still found today† (Brier). The Egyptians used many types of plants, animals, and mineral compounds for curatives. The use of these compounds led to curative recipes, some even available today. â€Å"The prescription for a healthy life, which was almost always given by a member of the priestly caste meant that an individual undertook the stringent and regular purification rituals, which included: much bathing, and often times shaving one’s head and body hair, and maintaining their dietary restrictions against ra w fish and other animals considered unclean to eat† (Crystalinks A). Egyptians are credited as being the first to use and record advanced medical practices. The Egyptians recorded some of there techniques on papyri. Some of the most famous are: the Edwin Smith Papyri, the Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyrus, Berlin Papyrus, London Papyrus, and Hearst Papyrus. The treatments of the text are often organized into groups. For instance, the Edwin Smith Papyrus begins with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face, six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to the throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and arms, and seven with chest complaints. Surgery was believed to come to the Egyptians through the care of traumatic wounds and autopsy. The use of autopsy is believed to come from the long and extensive embalming and funerary practices. Surgery was considerably advanced when considering the technology available to the Egyptians. â€Å"The Edwin Smith Papyrus deals extensively with the setting of bones, traumatic injury such as dislocation of the jaw, arm or shoulders, bruises, various fractures which include those of the limbs, ribs, nose, and skull† (Showcase). The Egyptians were also very mindful that they could not treat every injury or disease that they faced. If such a case was to happen then usually they would write, â€Å"An affliction for which nothing can be done†. An Egyptian medical kit consisted of: knives, drill, saw, forceps or pincers, censer, hooks, bags tied with string, beaked vessel, vase with burning incense, Horus eyes, scales, pot with flowers, shears, and spoons. The Egyptians often would heat the blades of their knives before cutting so that the knife would cut as well as seal the blood vessels. Prostheses were generally of a cosmetic character or added as a preparation for the afterlife. There were mummies found with artificial arms, artificial forearms, artificial toes, artificial feet, and some even had an artificial penis. Even things like a glass eye has been found, which was more likely used to fill an empty eye socket of a mummy rather than used by a living person. â€Å"Physicians performed other cosme tics as well. Apart from prescribing lotions, salves and unguents for skin care, they also produced remedies against the loss of hair and graying, which was combated by an ointment made with blood from the horn of a black bull. Hair loss was hoped to be stopped by a mixture of honey and fats from crocodiles, lions, hippos, cats, snakes, and ibex† (Nefertiti). The Egyptians diet was consisted of much abrasive materials which caused them to have teeth which were in a very poor state. Destruction of the enamel caused some to lose teeth at an early age and even sometimes was the cause of death. â€Å" Mutnodjmed, pharaoh Horemheb’s second wife and sister of Nefertiti, had lost all her teeth when she died in her forties. Djedmaatesankh, a Theban musician who lived around 850 BCE suffered from thirteen abscesses, extensive dental disease and a huge infected cyst, which probably killed her, aged thirty-five† (Nefertiti). People that were of more stature in society were more likely to have caries as opposed to the people that were of less stature. A person of the people was limited to what they could eat and thanks to the lack of sugar in their diet were more likely to have a clean slate of teeth. The Egyptians referred to caries as â€Å"a worm gnawing a tooth†. They sometimes treated the tooth with fillings made of resin and chrysocolla. â€Å"Swollen gums were treated with a concoction of cumin, incense and onion. Opium, the toxicity of which was well known, might be given against severe pain. At times holes were drilled into the jawbone in order to drain abscesses. But extraction of teeth, which might have saved the lives of many patients, was rarely if ever practiced† (Nefertiti). They also would sometimes use gold wire as a means to bind a loose tooth to a neighboring tooth that was sound. Fertility was important to Egyptians and they had many tests listed in the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus. There was an existence of need of planning pregnancies also. Some Egyptian women would soak cotton in a paste of dates and acacia bark which was a spermicidal effect. They also devised the first known pregnancy test: Means for a knowing if a woman will give birth: Put some barley and some wheat into two bags of clot which the woman will moisten with her urine every day, equally barley and grain in the two bags. If both the barley and the wheat sprout she will give birth. If only the barley germinates it will be a boy, if it is the wheat which alone germinates it will be a girl. If neither germinates she will not give birth. (Nefertiti) Some of the upper-class women would give birth in birth houses. The houses were attached to temples that had pictures of Hather, the goddess of healing, and Bes, the god of pregnant women. In one temple there is a picture of a pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair, in which the baby would drop through a hole in the seat and was caught by a midwife. â€Å"Birth itself was dangerous both to the mother and the baby. Infant mortality was high, probably around thirty percent, and complications and childbed fever killed many women† (Nefertiti). So one must admire the ingenuity of the Egyptians, which undoubtedly has its place within human medical history. â€Å"Although many of the treatments used had a little or no value from our modern vantage point, Egyptian medicine had a well deserved reputation throughout the Ancient World, with, for instance, Hippocrates and Galen acknowledging that part of their information came from Egyptian works which they had studied at the temple of Imhotep at Memphis† (Crystalinks A). Ancient Greece was much different from the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Although each was independent from the others they all still shared a similar culture and religious beliefs. By 1200 B.C., Ancient Greece was developing in all areas: trade, farming, warfare, sailing, craftsmanship etc. Their knowledge of medicine developed accordingly. Greek Medicine, like the Egyptians, was advanced for its time. The early works of people like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Alcaemon and many others show an advanced knowledge of physiology, surgical, and medicinal practices. Greek ideas influenced ideas in the Western medicine for times to come. The Greeks had an influence in the progress and changes in ideas on cures and diseases, and also influenced the attitudes towards doctors and healthy living and even medicine in general. According to mythology, the Greek god Ascelpius was a trained doctor. Along with his daughters Hygieia and Panacea, he was worshipped in a type of healing temple called asclepeia. Asclepeias was: built for those in poor health. These were like temples and here people came to bathe, sleep and meditate. The poor were also allowed to beg for money in these buildings. Those who went to asclepeias were expected to leave offerings to Asclepios. The asclepeias were run by priests. Patients to asclepeias were encouraged to sleep as it was believed that during sleep they would be visited by Asclepios and his two daughters, Panacea and Hygeia. A visit by these three was expected to cure all ailments. Those who were not cured could stay at the asclepeia where they were. (Trueman) There have been some written accounts of those who have supposedly been cured; â€Å"Hermodicus of Lampsacus was paralyzed in the body. When he slept in the temple the god healed him and ordered him to bring to the temple as large a stone as he could. The man brought the stone which now lies before the abaton where people slept† (Trueman). Such admiration for doctors and healing was not restricted to the gods. â€Å"Many people believe Greece was the home of the first Western medical science, when doctors stopped relying on superstition and diving cures, and replaced them with rational curiosity about the causes of illness† (Wikipedia). The ancient Greeks also greatly admired Ancient Egyptian medicine as well. The Greeks had respect for Egyptian medicine and imported some of the Egyptian substances into their own pharmacopoeia. The Greeks had an extensive knowledge of herbs and were aware of many herbal properties. They did perform scientific observations, but did not perform scientific experiments. Some of the herbs used by the Ancient Greeks were: anise, black hellebore, cassia, root of cucumber, cumin, root of cyclamen, frankincense, germander, honey, wild lettuce, myrrh, olive oil, opium poppy, parsnip, and seseli. â€Å"The first known medical school opened in Cnido in 700 BC. Alcmaeon, author of the firs t anatomical work, worked at the school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established† (Wikipedia). Although births that were depicted in art mostly involved men; in most cases of childbirth in Ancient Greece a woman was the deliverer. Midwifes became popular when women were no longer able to become doctors. The majority of the deliveries were taken care by the lady of the house and her servants. Women did use an obstetric chair for the process. Two women would hold the mother in the chair while a third kneeled in front to receive the baby. The equipment that a midwife normally must have for labor were: olive oil (clean, not previously used in cooking), warm water, warm fomentations (ointments applied to the body), soft sea sponges, pieces of wool, bandages (to swaddle the infant), things to smell (pennyroyal, dirt, barley groats, apples, quinces, lemons, melons, cucumbers; these were used as people today use spirits of ammonia to revive someone who has fainted), a midwife’s stool or chair (this was the property of the midwife; she brought it with her to the home where the delivery was to take place), two beds (a hard one for use during labor and a soft one for rest after delivery), and a proper room (of medium size and moderate temperature). (French) At the onset of labor all this equipment was made ready and the midwife summoned. In order to ease labor pains, the midwife would give a gentle massage with a cloth soaked in warm olive oil laid over abdomen and genital area. Once the cervix began to dilate, the midwife would gently rub the opening with her left forefinger that is smeared with olive oil in order to encourage the process of dilation. After the cervix is dilated to the size of an egg the patient is moved to the midwife’s stool. The baby would safely be delivered and then the midwife would carefully inspect it for any congenital deformities. The midwife would make the initial recommendation about whether the newborn was healthy and fit. In order for the midwife to make this decision the baby would engage in several tests. â€Å"First, when placed on the ground, it should cry lustily; babies that do not cry, or cry only weakly, are suspect. Second, its body should be normal; the openings for the nose, ears, ureth ra, and anus should be clear; its arms and legs should bend and stretch readily. Finally, by pressing her fingers against the skin of the newborn, the midwife should be able to elicit a reaction, indicating that the infant is sensitive to such sensations† (French). Not all congenital defects were regarded as unfit. The midwife would make a determination about the infant’s survival and likely recommend that any infant with a severe congenital problem would be left outside to die. Perhaps one of the most important Ancient Greeks when dealing with medicine is Hippocrates. He lived 400 years before the birth of Christ and is known as the father of medicine because of the many things he discovered is still practiced today. Hippocrates stated that: Medicine is not philosophy, and therefore must be practiced on a case-by-case basis rather than from first principles. In The Sacred Disease, he stated that epilepsy (and disease in general) does not have divine causes. He advocated clinical observations, diagnosis, and prognosis, and argued that specific diseases come from specific causes. Hippocratess methodology relied on physical examination of the patient and proceeded in what was, for the most part, a highly rational deductive framework of understanding through observation. (Jouanna) He told his students to carefully observe their patients and learn from the things that they observed. He said that the human body could heal itself and could return itself back to good health. Some more things Hippocrates said would be things such as telling his patients to eat in moderation. A moderate amount of exercise was recommended. Doctors were told to make sure that when they treated patients their hands were clean. He said that the operating rooms should be well lit and seem cheerful. He believed that patients in good spirits would heal faster. He encouraged his physicians to be men of honor that worked as hard as possible for the good of sick. The Hippocratic Oath was named after him. The existence of the Hippocratic Oath implies: That this Hippocratic medicine was practiced by a group of professional physicians bound (at least among themselves) by a strict ethical code. Aspiring students normally paid a fee for training (a provision is made for exceptions) and entered into a virtual family relationship with his teacher. This training included some oral instruction and probably hands-on experience as the teachers assistant, since the Oath assumes that the student will be interacting with patients. The Oath also places limits on what the physician may or may not do (To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug) and intriguingly hints at the existence of another class of professional specialists, perhaps akin to surgeons (I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art). (Wikipedia) The Hippocratic knowledge was widely distributed, highly influential, and marked as the rise of rationality in both medicine and the physical sciences. The Ancient Greeks themselves did not have a concept of germ theory; rather their view of human physiology was predominated by the ideas of essentialism. Essentialism was the belief that every living organism alive contained certain mixtures of the four elements. The Hippocratics and many other Greeks also believed in the theory of the four humours. This theory had its roots in the belief in four elements which, Empedocles argued, made up everything in the world: earth, air, fire, and water with their associated qualities of dryness, coldness, heat, and wetness respectively. These, in turn, were linked to the four seasons; dry autumn, cold winter, hot summer, and wet spring (it followed that you were more likely to suffer from a particular humour in the corresponding season). Among other corollaries, this theory meant that for some diseases, remedies to purge excess humours, such as bloodletting or vomiting, seemed advisable. (Wikipedia) These ideas influenced Western medicine for over 1500 years. As the exact relationship between the illness and humours, beliefs were varied. â€Å"The Hippocratics taught that an imbalance of the humours, or dyscrasia, was symptomatic of an illness. Aristotle (384-322BC), however, suggested that it was the cause of illness. It was believed that one could only be in perfect health when the humours were in balance, known as crasis or eucrasia. The natural tendency towards balance, or recovery, was called pepsis or coction† (Wikipedia). There was a major impact on Greek medical ideas and practices when Alexander the Great founded Alexandria, Egypt in 332 B.C. It was here that the Library of Alexandria was soon established, and its collections of important scientific and philosophical texts became famous throughout the Hellenistic world. â€Å"Alexandria was also the only city in Ancient Greece where dissection and maybe even vivisection of criminals sentenced to death was legal, which meant that doctors could gain a far more detailed knowledge of the workings of the human anatomy† (Wikipedia). Early Romans had a religious, yet fundamental understanding of medicine. â€Å"Deriving knowledge from the Medical Treaties and Methods of the Greeks, the Etruscans, the Egyptians, the Persians and other conquered peoples, the Romans came up with one of the best and most sophisticated Medical Systems of the Ancient World. The science of medicine and the human body was evolving† (Crystalinks B). The Romans started by learning what the Greeks thought about medicine, and in fact most Roman doctors were from Greece, or of Greek origin. Like the Greeks the Romans believed in the four humours. One of Rome’s most important doctors was Galen. He lived in the 100’s and wrote a book about medicine. Galen repeated a lot of Hippocrates’ work on the four humours, but also added a lot of observations about how the human body worked, which he learned from looking at the insides of human bodies. He saw the insides of people by looking at wounded soldiers and gladiators, and he cut open a lot of animals to see how they worked. Galen certainly knew more about anatomy than Hippocrates did. Galen understood that the blood was pushed around the body be the heart, for instance. And he knew that nerves controlled the movement of the body, and that people thought with their brains. He did not make any real advances in treating people. He still thought that blood-letting was a good idea. (Jungman) Ancient Roman medicine was a combination of physical techniques using various tools and holistic medicine using rituals and religious beliefs. The Ancient Romans, like the Ancient Egyptians, believed that diseases were brought on by the disfavor of the gods. They believed that superstition, rituals, and spells would rid them of the disease. Religious cures were rare, but magical treatments were common. â€Å"The practice of reading livers was common in the Roman world. After an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. Looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or bad omens from it. It was thought that the gods responses were communicated through the liver and other internal organs of sacrificed animal† (Crystalinks B). Ancient Romans had hospitals that were originally built for the military. Soon the influence of superstitious quackery begin to die and Ancient Roman medicine begin to take on a more practical and logical ap proach. It was still a trial and error, patient by patient thing, but the medics were more observant and carefully noted down anything that worked or was effective. The knowledge from the notes could be passed on and could be used by the next doctor. The Ancient Romans were led to significant medical innovations after the fifteen-year civil war that began after the assassination of Julius Caesar. This war was fought by the best armies of the world that resulted in so many injuries that the new emperor, Augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. Before this event doctors had a very low status in society. Augustus, realizing that they were the key in an empire and especially an army gave all physicians that joined his new army medical corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits. For the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century. (Crystalinks B) After Emperor Augustus formed the first Roman Medical Corps and gave land grants, dignified titles out, and special retirement gifts to the doctors, the profession changed from being low in society to being a respectable occupation. They increased their success rates in treatments by making the medical professionals train at the Army Medical School and could not practice until they passed. Like the modern medical practice, Ancient Roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists; so all the surgical tasks would be performed by the specialist of the injury. Some of the same tools the surgeons would use are the same ones that doctors used only just 100 years ago. Some of the tools in an Ancient Roman tool kit would include: forceps, scalpels, catheters, and even arrow-extractors. The Ancient Romans had a large variety of painkillers and sedatives to help in surgery, including extracts of opium poppies which is morphine, and extracts of henbane seeds which is scopolamine. â€Å"There is little doubt that the many folk remedies used throughout the Roman Empire were tested in battle by Roman physicians on wounded and ailing soldiers, who sifted through and found the treatments and methods with the most useful effects. Further, the bureaucracy of Rome ensured that the treatments were recorded and taught in medical school† (Crystalinks B). Although the Romans never really understood how germs were related to disease, they used many of the techniques that killed germs. Some examples of this would be before the Romans used a tool on a patient they would boil it; and they would not ever reuse the same tool on another patient until they reboiled it. The Romans also washed wounds with acetum which was a great antiseptic. The fact that arteries and veins carry blood was common knowledge to the Ancient Romans. â€Å"All surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. They also used amputation to prevent gangrene† (Crystalinks B). Not only did they have knowledge of all this, but the Roman war doctors also learned how to prevent many battlefield epidemics. They would do so by placing their forts away from insect infested swamps and they also installed drains and sewers to transport the sewage away from the men. The Ancient Romans would build sophisticated permanent hospitals that had heating and good ventilation to help the patients; the also had certain rooms for certain tasks and separated patients from others in order to prevent the spreading of disease. In the case of the Roman army it is clear that it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the Empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered by their soldiers during the many battles. (Crystalinks B) The Romans obtained some of the most important techniques that our modern civilization uses today. Ancient people sometimes called upon supernatural spirits to heal their sick while modern medicine relies on science. DNA and research has replaced spirits. The history of medicine shows how ideas have developed over the centuries. Medieval barbers were the fore-runners of todays skilled surgeons. Todays medicine has evolved over thousands of years as each generation built on the knowledge of earlier times. This will continue to happen. Our understanding of the human genome will lead to fresh treatments and new discoveries may open the door to unimagined advances in medicine. The Ancient people may have had a very broad understanding of medicine, but they set the pathways to today’s knowledge. Research Papers on Ancient and Prehistoric MedicineCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Ancestry of Camilla Parker-Bowles

Ancestry of Camilla Parker-Bowles The second wife of Britains Prince Charles, Camilla Parker Bowles was born Camilla Shand in London, England in 1947. She met Prince Charles at Windsor Great Park in the early seventies. Believing he would never propose, however, she married Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles with whom she had two children, Tom, born in 1975 and Laura, born in 1979. Her marriage to Andrew ended in divorce in January 1995. Interesting Facts One of the most famous individuals in Camillas family tree is her great-grandmother, Alice Frederica Edmonstone Keppel, royal mistress to King Edward VII from 1898 until his death in 1910. Madonna shares a distant relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles through Zacharie Cloutier (1617-1708), while Celine Dion shares descent with Camilla from Jean Guyon (1619-1694). Camilla Parker-Bowles Family Tree This family tree is explained using an  Ahnentafel chart,  a standard numbering scheme which makes it easy to see at a glance how a specific ancestor is related to the root individual, as well as easily navigate between generations of a family. First Generation: 1. Camilla Rosemary SHAND was born on 17 Jul 1947 in Kings College Hospital, London.  She married Brigadier Andrew Henry PARKER-BOWLES (b. 27 Dec 1939) at The Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, on 4 July 1973. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1996.1 Second Generation: 2. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND was born on 22 Jan 1917.2  Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND and Rosalind Maud CUBITT were married on 2 Jan 1946 in St. Pauls Knightsbridge.3 3. Rosalind Maud CUBITT was born on 11 Aug 1921 in 16 Grosvenor Street, London.  She died in 1994.3 Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHAND and Rosalind Maud CUBITT had the following children:4 1 i. Camilla Rosemary SHANDii. Sonia Annabel SHAND was born on 2 Feb 1949.iii. Mark Roland SHAND was born on 28 Jun 1951 and died on 23 Apr 2014. Third Generation: 4. Philip Morton SHAND was born on 21 Jan 1888 in Kensington.5 He died on 30 Apr 1960 in Lyon, France. Philip Morton SHAND and Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON were married on 22 Apr 1916.6 They were divorced in 1920. 5. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON was born on 14 Jun 1893 in Fulham, London.7 Philip Morton SHAND and Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON had the following children: 2 i. Major Bruce Middleton Hope SHANDii. Elspeth Rosamund Morton SHAND 6. Roland Calvert CUBITT, 3rd Baron Ashcombe, was born on 26 Jan 1899 in London and  died on 28 Oct 1962 in Dorking, Surrey.  Roland Calvert CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL were married on 16 Nov 1920 in Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks, St. George Hanover Square.8 They were divorced in Jul 1947. 7. Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL was born on 24 May 1900.9  She died on 16 Aug 1986. Roland Calvert CUBITT and Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL had the following children: 3 i. Rosalind Maud CUBITTii. Henry Edward CUBITT was born on 31 Mar 1924.iii. Jeremy John CUBITT was born on 7 May 1927.  He died on 12 Jan 1958. Fourth Generation: 8. Alexander Faulkner SHAND was born on 20 May 1858 in Bayswater, London.10 He died on 6 Jan 1936 in Edwardes Place, Kensington, London. Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary COATES were married on 22 Mar 1887 in St. George, Hanover Square, London.11 9. Augusta Mary COATES was born on 16 May 1859 in Bath, Somerset.12 Alexander Faulkner SHAND and Augusta Mary COATES had the following children: 4 i. Philip Morton SHAND 10. George Woods HARRINGTON was born on 11 Nov 1865 in Kensington.13 George Woods HARRINGTON and Alice Edith STILLMAN were married on 4 Aug 1889 in St. Lukes, Paddington.14 11. Alice Edith STILLMAN was born about 1866 in Notting Hill, London.15 George Woods HARRINGTON and Alice Edith STILLMAN had the following children: i. Cyril G. HARRINGTON was born about 1890 in Parsons Green.5 ii. Edith Marguerite HARRINGTON 12. Henry CUBITT, 2nd Baron Ashcombe was born on 14 Mar 1867. He died on 27 Oct 1947 in Dorking, Surrey. Henry CUBITT and Maud Marianne CALVERT were married on 21 Aug 1890 in Ockley, Surrey, England. 13. Maud Marianne CALVERT was born in 1865 in Charlton, near Woolwich, England. She died on 7 Mar 1945. Henry CUBITT and Maud Marianne CALVERT had the following children: i. Captain Henry Archibald CUBITT was born on 3 Jan 1892.  He died on 15 Sep 1916.ii. Lieutenant Alick George CUBITT was born on 16 Jan 1894.  He died on 24 Nov 1917.iii. Lieutenant William Hugh CUBITT was born on 30 May 1896.  He died on 24 Mar 1918.6 iv. Roland Calvert CUBITT, 3rd Baron Ashcombev. Archibald Edward CUBITT was born on 16 Jan 1901.  He died on 13 Feb 1972.vi. Charles Guy CUBITT was born on 13 Feb 1903.  He died in 1979. 14. Lt. Col. George KEPPEL was born on 14 Oct 1865 and  died on 22 Nov 1947.16 Lt. Col. George KEPPEL and Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE were married on 1 Jun 1891 in St. George, Hanover Square, London.17 15. Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE was born in 1869 in Duntreath Castle, Loch Lomond, Scotland. She died on 11 Sep 1947 in Villa Bellosquardo, near Firenze, Italy. Lt. Col. George KEPPEL and Alice Frederica EDMONSTONE had the following children: i. Violet KEPPEL was born on 6 Jun 1894.  She died on 1 Mar 1970.7 ii. Sonia Rosemary KEPPEL

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 43

Reading response - Essay Example The picture helps in showing that both natural and human may have some relationship. His work is also seen as different from recent photographers. As a result, there is argument that his work is old fashioned and lacking taste. However, it is clear that his work maintains some originality and complexity. Hence, one may argue that Adams work provide a vivid description of the realities on the ground. The other controversy in the article is perception of the relationship between man and nature. Some artists such as Thoreau are shown to believe that man is not part of nature (4). However, as the article notes a good landscape may be achieved with people on it. I concur with this view as in many occasions; man has struggled to make improvement to the landscape through beautifications. For this reason, man should not be made to appear different from the aesthetic component. Man should be seen as playing part in the beautification of land. On the other hand, it is clear that man should not be seen as an enemy to preservation of nature. This is because man plays a significant role in the preservation of nature. For example, man erects a fence to preserve parks (4). Hence, excluding man will not help in preserving our natural landscape. The conservation can only be achieved through natural use of land by man. Therefore, as Adams notes, if a man uses natural environment badly, he is the one to blame. On the other hand, there is the focus on photography as provision of meaning. Real photography is seen as proving more meaning as compared to the aesthetic component (7). Moreover, photography is also shown as offering description of a place. In my opinion, photography can help in understanding of a place if properly taken by an objective person. For example, this can be seen in documentary photographs

Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stereotypes - Essay Example Over time, people come to believe these stereotypes as literal representations of an undeniable reality and, accordingly, perceive of and treat members of the stereotyped group from within the confines of these biased opinions. The United States, despite its being a heterogeneous, pluralistic society with a supposedly liberal and multicultural society, is a virtual hotbed of stereotypes. There is hardly an ethnic, racial, religious or cultural group in the US which is not defined in accordance with a set of, often unflattering and negative, stereotypes. Indeed, as Slotkin (2001) maintains, the entire notion of the "melting pot," let alone that of the "many as one," is nothing but a myth (469). The various ethnic, racial, religious and culture groups in the country have not melted into one another and are, most definitely, not one. They are separated by each group's belief in its own difference from the others and by stereotypes which effectively determine the manner in which each group will be perceived of by the others; stereotypes which are ultimately founded upon the exaggerated representation of differences. According to Aleiss (1995) Among the many stereotyped groups in the United States, few have bee n so persistently perceived and treated from within the narrow, prejudicial and often erroneous confines of stereotypes as have been the American Indians/Native Americans. Following a brief overview of the biased views surrounding American Indians, the translation of stereotypes into actual practices shall be analyzed in relation to the military. It has been theorised that anti-American Indian stereotypes emerged as a consequence of the relationship between ethnicity and nationality. In his overview of this theoretical conceptualization, Slotkin (2001) contends that perceptions of an immutable relationship between ethnicity and nationality, compounded with an overwhelming determination to create a nation which was reflective of their identity, beliefs and worldview, literally drove the early European settlers to impose images of savagery upon the native Americans, thereby furnishing a justification for their annihilation. As Todorov (1984) explains, the earlier settlers had, either directly or indirectly, been pushed out of their native lands primarily because they simply did not fit in. Upon settling in the New World, they were determined to create a nation which reflected who they were and design a culture which echoed their values and promoted their social, economic, political and ideological worldviews. Within the context of this particular nation and culture building project, the American Indian functioned as an anomaly, an obstacle to the fulfilment of the stated. Consequently, the realization of the settlers' articulated ambition became inextricably linked to the removal of the stated obstacle, ultimately leading to a violent war against the Native Americans. This war, as Sandberg (2006) argues, was, on the surface, morally and ethically unjustifiable insofar as it sought the extermination and elimination of the territory's rightful owners and inhabitants. It gained legitimacy and, hence, became a justifiable war, through the promotion and propagation of stereotyp